Brown-Driver-Briggs
שַׁבָּת111 noun feminineEx 31:41+ and
masculineIsaiah 66:2,6 (under influence of
יוֺם in frequent
׳יוֺם הַשּׁ, Albr
ZAW xvi (1896), 47)
sabbath ( =
ת +
שׁבת; Late Hebrew
שַׁבָּת, Aramaic
שַׁבְּתָא,
; perhaps Assyrian
šabattum (""
um nu— libbi,
day of rest of heart (i.e. propitiation) [of deity]: only in lexical Tablets); compare Lotz
Quaest. de hist. Sabbati, 1883 Jen
ZA iv (1889), 274 ff. (doubts connection of Assyrian word with Hebrew Sabbath) Id
S. S. Times, Jan. 16, 1892, 35 f. Muss-Arn
JBL xi (1892), 93 Schw
Idioticon 127; see (more recently) Jastr
Amos. J. Theol. ii (1898), 332 ff. Toy
TBL xviii (1899), 190 ff. Dr
Hast. DB SABBATH (1902) Zim
KAT 3. 592 ff.; ZMG 1904, 199 ff. [15th day of month so called]
458ff.); — absolute
׳שׁ Exodus 16:25 64t.; construct
שַׁבַּת Exodus 16:23 10t.; suffix
שַׁבַּתּוֺ Numbers 28:10 3t. suffix; plural
שַׁבָּתוֺת Leviticus 23:15 7t.; construct
שַׁבְּתתֹ Leviticus 23:38;
Leviticus 25:3,8; suffix
שַׁבְּתוֺתַי Isaiah 56:4 +, etc.; —
1 sabbath:
a. primitive ליהוה ׳שׁ Exodus 16:25 (J), Exodus 20:10 = Deuteronomy 5:14 (ten words) Leviticus 23:3 (P); ׳הַשּׁ Exodus 16:29 (J); בַּיוֺם ׳הַשְּׁבִיעִי שׁ Exodus 16:26 (J); on seventh day יוֺם הַשַּׁבָּת Exodus 20:8,11 = Deuteronomy 5:12,15 (ten words), so throughout; Exodus 31:15 3t. P, Jeremiah 17:21; Ezekiel 46:4; Nehemiah 10:32 9t., + ("" new moon) Isaiah 1:13; Ezekiel 46:1; 2 Kings 4:23; Amos 8:5, compare Isaiah 66:23 (twice in verse), also חג and מועד Hosea 2:13; time of change of watch in temple 2 Kings 11:5,7,9 (twice in verse) = 2Chronicles 23:4,8 (twice in verse); מיסך ׳הַשּׁ (in temple) 2 Kings 16:18; originally observed simply by abstinence from labour Exodus 20:9,10 = Deuteronomy 5:12-14; Exodus 23:12 (E), Exodus 34:21 (J; BrHex. 181-195).
b. Deuteronomic reason for day is deliverance from Egypt Deuteronomy 5:15, hence its consecration, לְקַדְּשׁוֺ Deuteronomy 5:12 = Exodus 20:8; ׳קדּשׁ יום השׁ Jeremiah 17:22,24,27 (especially no load carried), Ezekiel 20:20; Ezekiel 44:24.
c. intensified by anith. ׳חלּל שׁ Ezekiel 20:13 5t. Ezekiel; compare Nehemiah 13:18. Phrases in H: ׳שׁמר (ה)שׁ Leviticus 19:3,10; Leviticus 26:2, then P Exodus 31:13,14,16; compare Isaiah 56:2,4,6; יוֺם קָדְשִׁי, ׳קדושׁ י: Isaiah 58:13 (twice in verse) (with כבּד). H also שַׁבְּתֹתֵיכֶם Leviticus 26:35; ׳מִמָּחֳרַת הַשּׁ Leviticus 23:11,15,16; שַׁבְּתוֺתַי Leviticus 19:3,30; Leviticus 26:2; Isaiah 56:4; Ezekiel 20:12; Ezekiel 22:26, +8 t. Ezekiel; "" מוֺעֵד Lamentations 2:6.
d. P gives as basis God's resting Exodus 20:11; Exodus 31:17; ׳שׁבתות י Leviticus 23:38; קדשׁ ׳שׁ ליהוה Exodus 16:23, compare Nehemiah 9:14, שׁבתון ׳שׁ Exodus 31:15; Exodus 35:2; Leviticus 23:3; ׳עשׂה השׁ Exodus 31:16, בְּשַׁבַּתּוֺ ׳עֹלַת שׁ Numbers 28:10, compare Isaiah 66:23; ׳בְּיוֺם הַשּׁ ׳בְּיוֺם הַשּׁ Leviticus 24:8 on every sabbath, abbreviation שַׁבַּת שַׁבָּת 1 Chronicles 9:32; לַשַּׁבָּתוֺת "" חֳדָשִׁים + מועדים 1 Chronicles 23:31 3t. Chronicles, Nehemiah 10:34 (ל omitted by error); work punished by stoning Numbers 15:32,36; trade prohibited Nehemiah 10:32; Nehemiah 13:15-21.
2 day of atonement is a שַׁבַּת שַׁבָּתוֺן Leviticus 16:31; Leviticus 23:32 (P), compare שָׁבַת שַׁבָּת Leviticus 23:32 (P).
3 sabbath year, שַׁבַּת שַׁבָּתוֺן Leviticus 25:4 (H); שַׁבָּת ליהוה Leviticus 25:2; Leviticus 25:4 (H), שַׁבְּתוֺתֶיהָ רצה (הארץׅ Leviticus 26:34 (twice in verse); Leviticus 26:43 (H), 2 Chronicles 36:21.
4 = week(?): שֶׁבַע שַׁבָּתוֺת Leviticus 23:15 (H), seven sabbaths or weeks; שֶׁבַע שַׁבְּתתֹ (ה)שָּׁנִים Leviticus 25:8; Lev 28:8 (H) seven sabbaths or weeks (of years), uncertain (see Mark 16:2,9; Luke 18:12; Matthew 28:1, compare Jewish-Aramaic usage); possibly שַׁבָּת Isaiah 66:23 = week (Du).
5 שַׁבַּת הָאָ֫רֶץ Leviticus 25:6 (H) = produce in sabbath year (growing of itself).
