834. asher
Lexical Summary
asher: who, which, that
Original Word: אֲשֶׁר
Transliteration: asher
Phonetic Spelling: (ash-er')
Part of Speech: particle of relation; connecting link; conjunction; adverb; conjunction; adverb; conjunction; conjunction; relative particle; pronoun; conjunction
Short Definition: who, which, that
Meaning: who, which, what, that, when, where, how, because, in order that
Strong's Concordance
after, alike, as soon as, because, every, for, forasmuch, from whence,

A primitive relative pronoun (of every gender and number); who, which, what, that; also (as an adverb and a conjunction) when, where, how, because, in order that, etc. -- X after, X alike, as (soon as), because, X every, for, + forasmuch, + from whence, + how(-soever), X if, (so) that ((thing) which, wherein), X though, + until, + whatsoever, when, where (+ -as, -in, -of, -on, -soever, -with), which, whilst, + whither(- soever), who(-m, -soever, -se). As it is indeclinable, it is often accompanied by the personal pronoun expletively, used to show the connection.

Brown-Driver-Briggs

H834. asher

אֲשֶׁרparticle of relation (Moabite id.; origin dubious:

1 according to TsepreghiDiss. Lugd. p. 171 MühlauBö. Lb. ii. 79 n. StaMorg. Forsch. 1875, 188; Lb. § 167 HomZMG 1878, 708 ff. Müll§ 153 SayceHebraica. ii. 51 LagM. i. 255 & especially KraeHebraica. vi. 298 ff, originally a substantive 'place' = footstep, mark, (do.), אֲתַר‎, place, Assyrian ašru, used (see Kraetz.) both as a substantive 'there, where,' and as a relative of place 'where': in Hebrew this development has advanced further, and it has become a relative sign Generally. The chief objection to this explanation is that it would isolate Hebrew from the other Semitic languages, in which pronouns are formed regularly from demonstrative roots (compare also NöZMG 1886, 738).

2 according to PhiSt. C. 73 SperlingNota Rel. im Hebr. 1876, 15-22 for אֲשֶׁל‎, developed from the relative שׁ‎ (q. v.) by (1) the prefixing of either a merely prosthetic א‎, or, better, a pronominal א‎ (giving rise to אש‎, the form of the relative in Phoenician), and (2) the addition of the demonstrative root ל‎ [found also in הַלָּזֶה אֵלָּה, אֵל,‎ (q. v.), he who, who (plural)]: the main objection to this explanation is the change of ל‎ to ר‎, which is hardly rendered probable by the compare of Syriac by side of הָלְכָּא ᵑ7‎. 1 seems preferable, the primitive root having acquired different significations in the different Semitic languages, and having been weakened in Hebrew to a mere particle of relation). A

sign of relation, bringing the clause introduced by it into relation with an antecedent clause. As a rule אֲשֶׁר‎ is a mere

connecting link, and requires to be supplemented (see the grammars) by a pronominal affix, or other word, such as שָׁם‎, defining the nature of the relation more precisely: e.g. Genesis 1:11 זַרֵעוֺבֿוֺ אֲשֶׁר‎ literally as to which, its seed is in it = in which is its seed, Psalm 1:4 like the chaff רוּחַ אֲשֶׁרתִּֿדְּפֶנּוּas to which, the wind drives it = which the wind drives, etc.; & so אֲשֶׁרשָׁ֗֗֗ם‎ = where, אֲשֶׁרמִ֗֗֗שָּׁם‎ = whence, Genesis 2:11; 3:23; 20:13 etc. Sometimes also (see below) the relation expressed by it is specifically temporal, local causal, etc. More particularly

1 it includes its pronominal antecedent, whether in the nominative or oblique cases, as Numbers 22:6 יוּאָר תָּאֹר וַאֲשֶׁר‎ and he whom thou cursest is cursed, Exodus 4:12 and I will teach thee תְּדַבֵּר אֲשֶׁרthat which thou shalt say; and with particles or prepositions, as אֲשֶׁר אֵת‎ (according to the context) him who . . ., those who . . ., that which . . .; לַאֲשֶׁר‎ to him who . . . Genesis 43:16, to those who . . . 47:24, to that which 27:8; מֵאֲשֶׁרJudges 16:30; 2 Samuel 18:18 than those whom; Leviticus 27:24 מֵאִתּוֺ קָנָהוּ לַאֲשֶׁרto him from whom he bought it, Numbers 5:7; Isaiah 24:2 בוֺ נשֶׁא כַּאֲשֶׁרlike him against whom there is a creditor.

2 instances of אֲשֶׁר‎ followed by a pronominal affix, or by מִשָּׁם שָֽׁמָּה, שָׁם,‎, are so common that the examples cited above will be sufficient. Very rarely there occurs the anomalous construction אֲשֶׁר עִםGenesis 31:32 for עִמּוֺ אֲשֶׁר‎ (see 44:9), בַּאֲשֶׁרIsaiah 47:12 for לַאֲשֶׁר בָּהֶם, אֲשֶׁר‎ for אֲשֶׁרלָ֗֗֗הֶםEzekiel 23:40: Psalm 119:49 see under אשׁר על‎. It is followed by the pronoun in the nominative, in the following cases: — (a) immediately, mostly before an adjective or participle, Genesis 9:3 all moving things הוּאחַֿי אֲשֶׁר‎ which are living, Leviticus 11:26; Numbers 9:13; 14:8, 27; 35:31; Deuteronomy 20:20; 1 Samuel 10:19 (see Dr) 2 Kings 25:19 ("" Jeremiah 52:25 היה‎) 27:9; Ezekiel 43:19; Haggai 1:9; Ruth 4:15; Nehemiah 2:18; Ecclesiastes 7:26; before a verb 2 Kings 22:13 (omitted 2 Chronicles 34:21). (b) in a negative sentence, at the end: Genesis 7:2; 17:12; Numbers 17:5; Deuteronomy 17:15 הוּא אָחִיךָ לֹא אֲשֶׁר‎ who is not thy brother, 20:15; Judges 19:12; 1 Kings 8:41 "" 9:20 "". N.B. Psalm 16:3 הֵ֑מָּה בָּאָרֶץ אֲשֶׁר‎ is an unparalleled expression for 'who are in the land'; read וג אַדִּירֵי הֵמָּה בָּאָ֑רֶץ ׳אֲשֶׁר‎ 'the saints that are in the land, they (המה‎) are the nobles, in whom,' etc.

3 sometimes (though rarely) the defining adjunct is a pronoun of 1 or 2 person as well as of 3 person. In such cases it is strictly to be rendered I who . . ., thou who, etc.; Hosea 14:4 יָתוֺם יְרֻחַם אֲשֶׁרבְּֿךָthou by whom the fatherless is compassionated ! Jeremiah 31:32 I, whose covenant they brake, 32:19; Isaiah 49:23; Job 37:17f. thou whose garments are warm . . ., canst thou ? etc., Psalm 71:19; 71:20; 144:12 we whose sons, etc., 139:15 my frame was not hidden from thee, בַסֵּתֶר אֲ֯שֶׁרעֻֿשֵּׂיתִיI who was wrought in secret (= though I was wrought in secret), Exodus 14:13 for ye who have seen the Egyptians to-day, — ye shall not see them again for ever! (compare Psalm 41:9).

4 the defining pron. adjunct is dispensed with

a. when אֲשֶׁר‎ represents the simple subject of a sentence, or the direct object of a verb: so constantly, as Genesis 2:1 the work עָשָׂה אֲשֶׁרwhich he made, 3:3 the tree הַגָּן בְּתוֺךְ אֲשֶׁרwhich is in the midst of the garden, etc.

b. after words denoting time, place, or manner, so that אֲשֶׁר‎ then becomes equivalent to when, where, why: (a) Genesis 6:4 אֲשֶׁר כֵן אַחֲרֵי‎ afterwards, when, etc. (compare 2 Chronicles 35:20) Genesis 45:6 there are still 5 years חָרִישׁ אֵין אֲשֶׁרwhen there shall be no plowing, Joshua 14:10; 1 Kings 22:25; after יוֺם‎ or הַיּוֺםDeuteronomy 4:10; Judges 4:14; 1 Samuel 24:5 (see Dr) 2 Samuel 19:25; Jeremiah 20:14 and elsewhere; similarly Genesis 40:13. (β) 35:13 אִתּוֺ דִּבֶּר אֲשֶׁר בַּמָּקוֺם‎ in the place where he spake with him, 35:14; 39:20; Numbers 13:27; 22:26; Deuteronomy 1:31 in the desert which thou sawest, where (accents Ke Di), 8:15; 1 Kings 8:9 (unless הַבְּרִית לוּחוֺת‎ has here fallen out: see ᵐ5‎ & Deuteronomy 9:9) Isaiah 55:11; 64:10; Psalm 84:4. So (γ) in אֲשֶׁר אֶלto (the place) which (or whither) Exodus 32:34; Ruth 1:16; אֶלכָּֿלאֲֿשֶׁרto every (place) whither Joshua 1:16; Proverbs 17:8; בַּאֲשֶׁרin (the place) where Judges 5:27; 17:8-9, 1 Samuel 23:13; 2 Kings 8:1; Ruth 1:16-17, Job 39:30, once only with שָׁםGenesis 21:17; אֲשֶׁר בְּכֹלwheresoever Joshua 1:7, 9; Judges 2:15; 1 Samuel 14:47; 18:5; 2 Samuel 7:7; 2 Kings 18:7; מֵאֲשֶׁרfrom (the place) where = whencesoever Exodus 5:11; Ruth 2:9; עַלאֲֿשֶׁרto (the place) whither (or which) 2 Samuel 15:20; 1 Kings 18:12; עַלכָּֿלאֲֿשֶׁרJeremiah 1:7. (δ) ֗֗֗ אֲשֶׁר הַדָּבָר זֶה‎ this is the reason that or why . . . Joshua 5:4; 1 Kings 11:27.

c. more extreme instances Leviticus 14:22, 30, 31; Numbers 6:21; Deuteronomy 7:19 (wherewith), 28:20; 1 Samuel 2:32 (wherein), 1 Kings 2:26; Judges 8:15 (about whom), Isaiah 8:12 (where יאמר‎ would be followed normally by לוֺ‎), 31:6 turn ye to (him as to) whom they have deeply rebelled, 47:15; Zephaniah 3:11; Ecclesiastes 3:9; 1 Kings 14:19 (= how).

d. it is dispensed with only in appearance after וג (אָמַרְתִּי אָמַר ׅ׳אֲשֶׁר‎ followed by the words used, its place being really taken by a pronoun in the speech which follows, as Genesis 3:17 the tree as to which I commanded thee saying, Thou shalt not eat from it, Exodus 22:8; Deuteronomy 28:68; Judges 7:4 (זֶה‎) 8:15 (where the noun repeated takes the place of the pronoun, compare Deuteronomy 9:2) 1 Samuel 9:17 (זֶה‎):23 +; compare 2 Samuel 11:16; 2 Kings 17:12; 21:4.

5 אֲשֶׁר‎ sometimes in poetry = one who, a man who (men who), ὅστις, οἵτινες, Psalm 24:4; 55:20; 95:4; 95:5; Job 4:19; 5:5; 9:5 (Hi) 15:17.

6 אֲשֶׁר‎ occasionally receives its closer definition by a substantive following it, in other words, its logical antecedent is inserted in the relative clause: (a) in the phrase peculiar to Jeremiah, י דְבַר הָיָה ׳אֲשֶׁר יר ׳אֶל‎ that which came (of) the word of ׳י‎ to Jeremiah Jeremiah 14:1; 46:1; 47:1; 49:34 (compare Ew§ 334); (b) Exodus 25:9; Numbers 33:4; 1 Samuel 25:30; 2 Kings 8:12; 12:6 בָּֽדֶק׃ שָׁם אֲשֶׁריִֿמָּצֵא לְכֹלEzekiel 12:25; compare the Ethiopic usage Di§ 201; (c) (antecedant repeated) Genesis 49:30 = 50:13, 1 Samuel 25:30 (׳י‎ repeated), Isaiah 54:9 (probably) as to which I sware that, etc., Amos 5:1 which I take up over you (as) a dirge.

7 ל ׳אֲשֶׁרthat (belongs, belong, belonged) to, is used

a. either alone or preceded by כָּלֿ‎ to express (all) that (belongs) to, as Genesis 14:23 מִכָּלאֲֿשֶׁרלְֿךָ‎ of all that is thine, 31:1 לְאָבִינוּ מֵאֲשֶׁר‎ of that which was our father's, 32:24 & sent over אֶתאֲֿשֶׁרלֿוֺthat which he had, + often

b. as a circumlocution of the Genitive, as Genesis 29:9 לְאָבִיהָ אֲשֶׁר עִםהַֿצּאֹן‎ with the sheep that were her father's, 40:5; 47:4; Leviticus 9:8; Judges 6:11; 1 Samuel 25:7 אֲשֶׁרלְֿךָ הָרֹעִים‎, 2 Samuel 14:31 אֲשֶׁרלִֿי אֶתהַֿחֶלְקָה‎, 23:8; 1 Kings 1:8, 33 אֲשֶׁרלִֿי הַמִּרְדָּה עַל‎ upon mine own mule, 1:49; 4:2; 2 Kings 11:10; 16:13; Ruth 2:21; and especially in the case of a compound expression depending on a single Genitive, as Genesis 23:9; 40:5; 41:43 אֲשֶׁרלֿוֺ הַמִּשְׁנֶה מִרְכֶּבֶת‎ the chariot of the second rank which he had, Exodus 38:30; Judges 3:20; 6:25; 1 Samuel 17:40; 21:8 לְשָׁאוּל אֲשֶׁר הָרֹעִים אֲבִיר‎ the mightiest of Saul's herdmen, 24:5 אֲשֶׁרלְֿשָׁאוּל אֶתכְּֿנַףהַֿמְּעִיל‎, 2 Samuel 2:8 Saul's captain of the host, 1 Kings 10:28; 15:20; 22:31; Jeremiah 52:17; Ruth 4:3.

c. with names of places (especially such as do not readily admit the stative construct) Judges 18:28; 19:14 לְבִנְיָמִין אֲשֶׁר הַגִּבְעָה‎ Gibeah (the hill) of Benjamin, 20:4; 1 Samuel 17:1; 1 Kings 15:27; 16:15; 17:9; 19:3; 2 Kings 14:11. compare שֶׁל‎ (q. v.) which in Rabb, like the Aramaic -דִּיל‎, , is in habitual use as a mark of the Genitive. — N.B. In Aramaic also דּי‎, , without ל‎, expresses the Genitive relation, as דִימַֿלְכָּא מִלְּתָא‎, literally the word, that of the king = the word of the king. The few apparent cases of a similar use of אשׁר‎ are, however, too foreign to the General usage of the language to be regarded otherwise than as due to textual error: 1 Samuel 13:8 read אָמַר אֲשֶׁר‎ (or שָׂםExodus 19:5) שְׁמוּאֵל‎ (ᵐ5εἶπε); 1 Kings 11:25 supply עָשָׂה‎ (ᵐ5ἣν ἐποίησεν); 2 Kings 25:10 supply אֵתwith (as "" Jeremiah 52:14); 2 Chronicles 34:22 read הַמֶּלֶךְ אָמַר וַאֲשֶׁר‎ (compare ᵐ5‎) and those whom the king appointed (abbreviated from 2 Kings 22:14); compare Ew§ 292 a, b with note.

8 אֲשֶׁר‎ becomes, like Aramaic דּי‎, , a

conjunction approximating in usage to כִּי‎: thus

a. = quod, ὅτι, that, subordinating an entire sentence to a verb of knowing, remembering, etc. (a) with אֵתDeuteronomy 9:7 forget not הִקְצַפְתָּ אֲשֶׁר אֵתthe fact that (= how) thou provokedst, etc., 29:15; Joshua 2:10; 1 Samuel 24:11; 24:19; 2 Samuel 11:20 know ye not אֲשֶׁריֹֿרוּ אֵתhow they shoot from off the wall ? 2 Kings 8:12; Isaiah 38:3 +? 1 Kings 14:19; 2 Kings 14:15; 20:20. Of time (peculiarly) 2 Samuel 14:15 אֲשֶׁר עַתָּה‎ now (is it) that . . . Zechariah 8:20 (probably) yet (shall it be) that . . . 8:23; compare שֶׁ כִּמְעַטSong of Solomon 3:4. (β) without אֵת‎ (not very common, כִּי‎ being usually employed): after יָדַעExodus 11:7; Ezekiel 20:26 (very strange in Ezekiel: see Hi) Job 9:5 (Ew De Di) Ecclesiastes 8:12, רָאָהDeuteronomy 1:31 (RV) 1 Samuel 18:15, הִתְוַדָּה‎ to confess Leviticus 5:5; 26:40 b, הִשְׁבִּיעַ1 Kings 22:16 (caused to swear that . . .); after a noun Isaiah 38:7 אֲשֶׁר הָאוֺת‎ the sign that . . . ("" 2 Kings 20:9 כִּי‎): with growing frequency in late Hebrew, 2 Chronicles 2:7, and especially Nehemiah, Esther: Nehemiah 2:5, 10; 7:65 (= Ezra 2:63) Nehemiah 8:14-15, 10:31; 13:1, 19, 22; Esther 1:19; 2:10; 3:4; 4:11; 6:2; 8:11; Ecclesiastes 3:22 (מֵאֲשֶׁר‎) 5:4; 7:18 (with טוֺב‎: contrast Ruth 2:22) 2:22; Ruth 2:29; Ruth 8:12; Ruth 8:14; Ruth 9:1; Daniel 1:8 (twice in verse). (γ) prefixed to a direct citation, like כִּי‎ q. v. (= ὅτι recitativum) (rare) 1 Samuel 15:20; 2 Samuel 1:4; 2:4 (see Dr) Psalm 10:6 (probably), Nehemiah 4:6.

b. it is resolvable into so that: Genesis 11:7 יִשְׁמְעוּ לֹא אֲשֶׁרso that they understand not, etc., 13:16; 22:14 יֵאָמֵר אֲשֶׁר‎ so that it is said, Exodus 20:26; Deuteronomy 4:10, 40 לְךָ יִיטַב אֲשֶׁר6:3; 28:27, 51; 1 Kings 3:12-13, 2 Kings 9:37; Malachi 3:19.

c. it has a causal force, forasmuch as, in that, since: Genesis 30:18; 31:49 and Mizpah, אָמַר אֲשֶׁרfor that he said, 34:13, 27; 42:21 we are guilty, רָאִינוּ אֲשֶׁרwe who saw (or, in that we saw), Numbers 20:13 Meribah, because they strove there, Deuteronomy 3:24; Joshua 4:7, 23; 22:31; Judges 9:17; 1 Samuel 2:23; 15:15; 20:42 go in peace, נִשְׁבַּעְנוּ אֲשֶׁרforasmuch as we have sworn, 25:26 thou whom (= or, seeing that) ׳י‎ hath withholden, 2 Samuel 2:5 blessed are ye of עֲשִׂיתֶם אֲשֶׁר ׳י,‎, who (οἵτινες) have done (or in that ye have done), 1 Kings 3:19; 15:5; 2 Kings 12:3; 17:4; 23:26; Jeremiah 16:13; Ecclesiastes 8:11-12, (Hi De Now). Here also belongs its use in לָמָּה אֲשֶׁרsince why . . . ? (= lest) Daniel 1:10: see below לָמָּה‎. On כֵּן עַל אֲשֶׁרforasmuch as Job 34:27 see below כֵּן עַל כִּי‎.

d. it expresses a condition (rare & peculiar): Leviticus 4:22 יֶחֱטָא נָשִׂיא אֲשֶׁר‎ in (case) that = when (or if) a ruler sinneth (4:3; 4:13; Leviticus 4:37 אִם‎), Numbers 5:29 (explained differently by Ew§ 334 a), Deuteronomy 11:27 and the blessing תִּשְׁמְעוּ אֲשֶׁרif ye hearken (11:28 אִם‎), 18:22 Ges, Joshua 4:21 ֗֗֗ יִשְׁאָלוּן אֲשֶׁרwhen they ask . . ., then . . . (4:6 כִּי‎), Isaiah 31:4. In 1 Kings 8:33 ("" 2 Chronicles 6:24 כִּי‎, compare Kings 6:35; 6:37) אֲשֶׁר‎ may be rendered indifferently because or when. Once, similarly, אֲשֶׁר אֵת1 Kings 8:31 ("" אִם‎).

e. perhaps (exceptionally) = כַּאֲשֶׁר‎, as, Jeremiah 33:22; Isaiah 54:9 (followed by כֵּן‎; but כֵּן‎ q. v. sometimes stands without כאשׁר‎, & אשׁר‎ may in these passages connect with what precedes); according to some also Jeremiah 48:8; Psalm 106:34 (in a connection where כַּאֲשֶׁר‎ would be more usual: אֲשֶׁר‎ may however be the object of אָמַר‎). In 1 Samuel 16:7 הָאָדָם יִרְאֶה אֲשֶׁר‎ read כַּאֲשֶׁר‎, see Dr.

f. combined with prepositions, אֲשֶׁר‎ converts them into conjunctions: see below, מֵאֲשֶׁר כַּאֲשֶׁר, בַּאֲשֶׁר,‎. On its use similarly with תַּחַת מִמְּנֵי, עֵקֶב, עַל, עַד, כְּפִי, לְמַעַן, יַעַן, דְּבַר, עַל בַּעֲבוּר, מִבְּלִי, אַחַר, (אַחֲרֵי)‎, see these words. — הַאֲשֶׁר‎, with הinterrogative, occurs once, 2 Kings 6:22. In Deuteronomy 15:14 also read כַּאֲשֶׁר‎: note ברכך‎ before.

Note1אֲשֶׁר‎ being a connecting link, without any perfectly corresponding equivalent in English, its force is not unfrequently capable of being represented in more than one way. See e.g. 2 Samuel 2:5 (above

8c), Isaiah 28:12 unto whom he said, or for that he said to them.

Note 2. The opinion that אֲשֶׁר‎ has an asseverative force (like כִּי‎, q. v.), or introduces the apodosis, is not probably, being both alien to its General usage & not required by the passages alleged. Render Isaiah 8:20 either 'Surely according to this word will those speak who have no dawn,' or '. . . will they speak when (compare above

8d Deuteronomy 11:27; Joshua 4:21) they have no dawn.'

בַּאֲשֶׁר19 a. in (that) which . . . Isaiah 56:4; 65:12; 66:4 (above

1); Ecclesiastes 3:9 in (that, in) which (4c); Isaiah 47:12 (see

2).

b. adverb in (the place) where: above 4b (γ).

c. conjunction in that, inasmuch as, Genesis 39:9, 23; Ecclesiastes 7:2; 8:4; compare .

d. Jonah 1:8 לְמִי בַּאֲשֶׁרon account of whom ? (לְ בַּאֲשֶׁרon account of, framed on model of Aramaic בְּדִיל‎: see below שֶׁל‎).

כַּאֲשֶׁר‎ see below כְּ‎.

מֵאֲשֶׁר17 a. from (or than) that which (him, them, etc., that . . .) Genesis 3:11; Exodus 29:27 (twice in verse); Numbers 6:11 (see Leviticus 4:26; Joshua 10:11; Judges 16:30; Isaiah 47:13 +; than that . . . Ecclesiastes 3:22; מֵאֲשֶׁר לְבַדEsther 4:11.

b. adverb from (the place) where: above 4a (β).

c. conjunction from (the fact) that . . ., since Isaiah 43:4.

כַּאֲשֶׁרconjunction according as, as, when (compare for the combined Aramaic כַּד כְּדִי,‎) —

1 according to that which, according as, as:

a. Genesis 34:12 I will give אלי תאמרו כאשׁרaccording as ye shall (or may) say unto me, 44:1; Exodus 8:23; Numbers 22:8; 1 Samuel 2:16; Genesis 34:22 if we are circumcised נמולים הם כאשׁר‎; 41:21 בתחלה כאשׁרas at the beginning, so בראשׁונה ׳כJoshua 8:5-6, 2 Samuel 7:10; Exodus 5:13 התבן בהיות ׃כאשׁרGenesis 7:9 they came in two by two אלהִים צוה כאשׁר‎, as God commanded Noah; so, or similarly, very often, especially in P, 7:16; 8:21; 12:4; 17:23; 21:1 (twice in verse); Exodus 16:24; 39:1, 5, 7; Numbers 3:16, 42 etc.; י דבר ׳כאשׁרDeuteronomy 1:21; 2:1; 6:3, 19 +? Deuteronomy.

b. answered, for increased emphasis, by כֵּן‎ (compare כְּ2d), Genesis 50:12 צִוָּם כאשׁר כן ויעשׂו‎, Exodus 7:10, 20; Genesis 18:5 (J) דברת כאשׁר חעשׂח כן‎, Exodus 10:10 (iron.), Amos 5:14 (do.); in opposed to order, Judges 1:7 לי שׁלם כן עשׂיתי, כאשׁר‎, Exodus 7:6 י צוה ׳כאשׁר עשׂו כן‎, compare 12:28, 50; 39:43; Numbers 5:4; Numbers 17:26; 36:10 (all P); with imperfect (frequently) 2:17 (P) יסעו כן יחנו כאשׁר‎; of degree = the more. . . the more, Exodus 1:12 יפרץ וכן ירבה כן אתו יענּו וכאשׁר‎, compare 17:11 (JE) ישׁר יריםו֗֗֗גבר כאשׁר ׳והיהaccording as he held up, etc., Israel prevailed; in an oath or solemn promise, Numbers 14:28 אעשׂה כן דברתם כאשׁר לא אם‎, Deuteronomy 28:63 (Jeremiah 31:28), 1 Kings 1:30; Isaiah 10:11; 14:24; 52:14f. (see כֵּן2b).

c. answered by וַ‎ (Dr§ 127 γ) Exodus 16:34; Numbers 1:19.

d. often in similes (followed by imperfect of habit) Exodus 33:11 רעהו אל אישׁ ידבר כאשׁר‎, Numbers 11:12; Deuteronomy 1:44; Isaiah 9:2; 66:20 +, answered by כֵּן31:4; 55:10; 66:22; Amos 3:12 +; a second verb is, in such cases, in the perfect with וְ‎ consecutive (Dr§ 115) Deuteronomy 22:26; Isaiah 29:8 יחלםו֗֗֗הקיץ כאשׁר‎, 65:8; Amos 5:19.

e. כַּאֲשֶׁר הָיָה‎ (compare כְּ הָיָה‎) to be as if, Job 10:19 אהיה הייתי לא כאשׁר‎, Zechariah 10:6 זנחתים לא כאשׁר והיו‎.

2 with a casual force, in so far as, since (German demgemäss dass), Genesis 26:29 if thou doest us no harm נגענוך לא כאשׁרaccording as, in so far as, we have not touched thee; Numbers 27:14 פי מריתם כאשׁרinasmuch as ye have defied my mouth, Judges 6:27; 1 Samuel 28:18 (answered by כן על‎), 2 Kings 17:26; Micah 3:4.

3 with a temporal force, when, Genesis 18:33 and Y. went away כלה כאשׁרwhen he had finished, etc., 32:3; 32:32; 1 Samuel 8:6; 2 Samuel 12:21 +; answered by וַּ‎ (Dr§ 127 β), 1 Samuel 6:6; 12:8; כאשׁר֗֗ ויהי‎ and it came to pass, when . . . Genesis 12:11; 20:13; 24:22, 52; Exodus 32:19 + often; Genesis 43:14 שׁכלתי שׁכלתי כאשׁר‎ when I am bereaved, I am bereaved ! an expression of resignation, so Esther 4:16 אבדתי אבדתי כאשׁר‎. Joshua 2:7 כאשׁר אחרי‎ is a 'conflate' reading, omit either אחרי‎ or כ‎. Of future time, Genesis 27:40; 40:14 לך ייטב כאשׁר‎, Hosea 7:12; Ecclesiastes 4:17; Ecclesiastes 5:3, and without a verb Isaiah 23:5 למצרים שׁמע כאשׁר‎. — Micah 3:3 כאשׁר‎ is simply as that which, Job 29:25 as one who.

שֶׁ‎, also ( Genesis 6:3 [? see 4a], Judges 5:7 (twice in verse); Song of Solomon 1:7; Job 19:29 [?]) שָׁ שַּׁ ,‎ in שָׁאַתָּהJudges 6:17, and שְׁ‎ in שְׁהוּאEcclesiastes 2:22, שְׁהֵם3:18 (elsewhere before guttural שֶׁ‎, as שֶׁאֲנִיSong of Solomon 1:6; Ecclesiastes 2:18, שֶׁאֵיןPsalm 146:3, שֶׁהֵםSong of Solomon 6:5; Lamentations 4:9, שֶׁעַלJudges 7:12; 8:26, שֶׁרּאֹשִׁיSong of Solomon 5:2),

relative particle who, which, that, etc. (constantly in Late Hebrew; Aramaic of Nerab, Ldzb371, 445; Assyrian sha; Phoenician אש‎ (regularly), also sometimes ש‎ (Ldzb227f.): according to Ges Ew§ 181 b Olp. 439 Sta§ 176 e, abbreviated from אֲשֶׁר‎; more probably (Sperling [see אֲשֶׁר‎], Köii. 323 f.) an original demonstrative particle), synonym with אֲשֶׁר‎, but in usage limited to late Hebrew, and passages with north Palestinian colouring, namely Judges 5:7 (twice in verse) [אֲשֶׁר5:27], 6:17; 7:12; 8:26; 2 Kings 6:11 (see 4c), Jonah 1:7, 12; 4:10 [אֲשֶׁר‎11t.], Psalm 122:3; 122:4; 123:2; 124:1; 124:2; 124:6; 129:6; 129:7; 133:2; 133:3; 135:2; 135:8; 135:10; 136:23; 137:8; 137:9; 144:15; 146:3; 146:5; Lamentations 2:15-16, 4:9; 5:18; Ezra 8:20; 1 Chronicles 5:20; 27:27; Canticles (uniformly, except in title Song of Solomon 1:1); Ecclesiastes (68 t.; אֲשֶׁא‎89t.); also (dubious) Genesis 6:3; 49:10 (ᵑ7 ᵑ6 ᵐ5 שֶׁלֹּה‎), Job 19:29; and in the proper name (q. v.) מִישָׁאֵל‎ and מְתוּשָׁאֵל‎. — In usage, שֶּׁ ‎ is in the main parallel with אֲשֶׁר‎, namely 1 as

pronoun who, which, whom, Judges 7:12 הַיָּם שְׂפַת שֶׁעַל כַּהוֺל‎ (compare חוֺלc), Psalm 122:3; 124:6 etc.; him whom, that which, etc., Song of Solomon 1:7; 3:1; 1 Chronicles 27:27; Ecclesiastes 1:11; 6:3 חַיָּיו יְמֵי שֶׁיִּהְיוּ וְרַב‎ and much (verb) is that which his days amount to (Hi De and others), 6:10; שֶּׁ הוּאthat which 1:9 (twice in verse); in the Genitive, שֶּׁ אַשְׁרֵיPsalm 137:8; 137:9; 146:5. — On מַהשֶּּֿׁ ‎ in Eccl = whatever, what, see מָה1e b. 2 as a connecting link; = where (compare אֲשֶׁר‎ p. 81, and 4b β), שֶּׁ מְקוֺםEcclesiastes 1:7; 11:3 (compare אֲשֶׁר מְקוֺםGenesis 39:20 +: Ges§ 130c), whither Psalm 122:4 (֗֗֗ שֶׁשָּׁם‎), when Song of Solomon 8:8; Ecclesiastes 12:3 שֶּׁ בַּיּוֺם‎ (compare ib.

4b a). 3as a

conjunction (compare אֲשֶׁר8); — a. that, after רָאָהEcclesiastes 2:13; 3:18, יָרַע1:17; 2:14; 9:5; Job 19:19 (?), דִּבֶּרEcclesiastes 2:15, אָמַר8:14, אוֺת עָשָׂהJudges 6:17; as subject of sentence, Ecclesiastes 3:13; 5:15; also in the phrases, (a) what is ... that ? Song of Solomon 5:9 (usually כִּי‎; see מָךְ1d b), שֶּׁ הָיָה מֶה‎ how comes it that ... ? Ecclesiastes 7:10; (b) Song of Solomon 3:4 מֵהֶם שֶׁעָבַרְתּת כִּמְעַט‎ hardly (was it) that (German kaum dass) I had passed, etc., Ecclesiastes 7:14 יִמְצָא שֶׁלּאֹ דִּדבְרַת עַל‎ to the intent that ..., 5:15 שֶׁבֶּא כָּלעֻֿמַּת‎ exactly as ..., 12:9 שֶׁ תֵר‎ besides that, שֶּׁ עַד‎ (ּ עַדJudges 5:7) until that Psalm 123:2; Song of Solomon 2:7, 17 + (see III. עַדII 1 a a and b; compare Late Hebrew Yoma 5:1), while 1:12 (ib. 2d); עָשָׂהשֶּׁ ‎ to make or cause that ..., Ecclesiastes 3:14 (compare Ezekiel 36:27). b. involving a reason (compare אֲשֶׁר8c), because, since, Song of Solomon 1:6 (twice in verse); 5:2; Ecclesiastes 2:18 b. Hence שֵׁלָּמָהSong of Solomon 1:7 since why ? = lest (see מָה4d b). 4 compounds: a. בְּשֶּׁ ‎, i. q. בַּאֲשֶׁרc (p. 84a) in that, seeing that, Ecclesiastes 2:16; also (according to ᵑ6 ᵐ5 ᵑ0‎ Hu De) Genesis 6:3 בָשָׂר הוּא בְּשַׁגַּםbecause that he also is flesh; but see שָׁגַג‎. b. כּשֶּׁ ‎, i. q. כַּאֲשֶׁר‎ p. 455: — (a) according as Ecclesiastes 5:14; 12:7; (b) when (so often in Late Hebrew, as Ab 1:8 (3 t. in verse); 1:14) 9:12; 10:3. c. מִשֶּּׁ ‎, i. q. מֵאֲשֶׁרa (p. 84:a), 2 Kings 6:12 מִשֶּׁלָּנוּ מִי‎ who of those that are ours ? (but Klo KmpKau Benz מְגַלֵּנוּ‎ who betrays us ? compare ᵐ5‎); Ecclesiastes 5:4 than that (compare מֵאֲשֶׁר3:22), + 2:24 (read מִשֶּׁיּאֹכַל‎ with Ew De, etc.; compare 3:22). d. שֶׁל‎, like אֲשֶׁרלְ‎ (אֲשֶׁר7b), a mark of the Genitive: thrice, adding slight emphasis to the suffix, Song of Solomon 1:6 = 8:12 שֶׁלִּי כַּרְמִיmy vineyard (literally my vineyard, which is mine), 3:7 שֶׁלִּשְׁלֹמֹה מִטָּתוֺ‎ (so often in Late Hebrew, but without any special emphasis, as Aboth 1:12 שׁלאֿהרן מתלמידיווּ הֲוֵי‎ be of Aaron's disciples, 2:1 שֶׁלמִֿצְוֺת שְׂכָרָן‎, 2:2; 3:2 שׁלמֿלכות בשׁלומהּ מתפלל הֲוֵי‎; compare in Syriac, as Luke 6:42 my words, Nö§ 225). And with בְּשֶׁל בְּ,‎ literally through that which belongs to or concerns, pleonastic for on account of (a late, unidiomatic translation of Aramaic בְּרִיל‎, from דִּי בְּ,‎, and לְ‎, as in Onk Genesis 12:13 בדיליon my account, 30:27; 39:5 מָא בְּדִיל יוֺסֵף, בְּדִילon account of what ? Judges 8:1; 2 Samuel 9:1; 1 Kings 11:12, 39, etc.), Jonah 1:7 בְּשֶׁלְּמִיon account of whom ? ("" 1:8 לְמִי בַּאֲשֶׁר‎; probably a gloss), 1:12 בְּשֶׁלִּיan account of me (בְּדִילִי מַן, בְּדִיל ᵑ7‎); Ecclesiastes 8:17 לְבַקֵּשׁ הָאָדָם יַעֲמֹל אֲשֶׁר בְּשֶׁלon account of (the fact) that (= seeing that) man labours, etc. (unidiomatic translation of Aramaic דְּ בְּדִילbecause that, as Genesis 6:3 בִּסְרָא דְּאִינוּן בְּדִיל‎, 39:9 אִיתְּתֵיהּ דְּאַתְּ בְּרִיל‎ [for Hebrew אִשְׁתּוֺ אַתְּ בַּאֲשֶׁר‎]; Palmyrene די בדיל‎ Ldzb233, — in Tariff 1:4 (CookeN. Semitic Inscr. 320) = ἐπειδή).

[שֹׁא‎] see [ שׁוֺא‎].








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